Optimal stability results on color-biased Hamilton cycles

We investigate Hamilton cycles in edge-colored graphs with \( r \) colors, focusing on the notion of color-bias (discrepancy), the maximum deviation from uniform color frequencies along a cycle. Foundational work by Balogh, Csaba, Jing, and Pluhár, and the later generalization by Freschi, Hyde, Lada, and Treglown, as well as an independent work by Gishboliner, Krivelevich, and Michaeli, established that any \(n\)-vertex graph with minimum degree exceeding \( \frac{(r+1)n}{2r} + \frac{m}{2}\) contains a Hamilton cycle with color-bias at least \(m\), and characterized the extremal graphs with minimum degree \(\frac{(r+1)n}{2r}\) in which all Hamilton cycles are perfectly balanced.